Reigned 1189-1199. Prisoner in Germany 1192-1194. A hero of Medieval legends spent all but 6 months of his reign abroad. He became Duke of Aquitaine in 1168 and of Poitiers in 1172. He joined the 3rd crusade in 1189 and conquered Messina and Cyprus before arriving in the Holy Land. His victory at Arsuf gained Joppa (1191). On his way home he was capture in Austria and was only released by Emporer Henry VI after payment of an enourmous ransom (1194).He returned briefly to England but died in France.